Gagne shared learning theory in 3 families:
a. conditioning
b. modeling
c. cognitive
Kingsley and Gary share learning theory in 2 parts;
a. stimulus-response theory
b. field theory
Taba learning theory divides into 2 families:
a. association theory or behaviorism
b. organism theory, gestalt and field theory
In the discussion will focus on adult learning theory. There inquiry flow theory which is the basis of learning and teaching adults is: “scientific stream” and “artistic or intuitive / reflective stream”. The flow of “scientific stream” is to dig or find a new theory of adult learning through research and experimentation. This theory was introduced by Edward L. Thorndike with publication “Adult Learning”, in 1928.
On the artistic flow, new theories and intuits found through analysis that gives attention to the experience of how adults learn. This flow was introduced by Edward C. Lindeman in its publication “The Meaning of Adult Education” in 1926 which was strongly influenced by the educational philosophy of John Dewey.
According to the most useful sources in adult education is the experience of learners. From the results of research, Linderman identify some assumptions about adult learners who made the foundation of adult learning theory is as follows:
1. adult learners will be motivated to learn because it needs and interests which will give satisfaction study
2. Orientation of the adult learner is centered on the life, so that the units are better learner’s real life (the application) rather than subject matter.
3. Experience is the richest source for adult learners, so the method is the analysis of learning experiences (experiential learning).
4. Adult learning has a profound need for self-directed (self-directed learning), so the role of teachers as instructors.
5. The difference between adult learners increase with age, therefore adult education should be given a choice in terms of differences in learning styles, time, place and speed of learning.
Carl R Rogers (1951) proposed the concept of learning that is “Student-Centered Learning” which in essence is:
1. We can not teach others but we can only facilitate his learning.
2. A person will learn significantly only on things that can strengthen / develop “self” it
3. Human beings can not learn if you are under pressure
4. Education students will learn significantly when there is no pressure on students, and the existence of differing perceptions / opinions facilitated / accommodated
Adult learners according to the concept of education are:
1) The adults, as those who perform the role as an adult
2) They that have self-concept as an adult
Andragogy began to be used in the Netherlands by Ten professors have TT in 1954 and in 1959 he published the outlines of “Science of Andragogy”
Andragogy models that have concept: the need to know (The need to know), the concept of self-learner (the learner’s concept), the role of the learner experience (the role of the learner’s experience), readiness to learn (readiness to learn), learning orientation (orientation of learning) and motivation more determined than within the learners themselves.
In adult learning is not entirely to use Andragogy model, but can be combined model of pedagogy. If it not know or are familiar with the material presented we certainly could use the model of pedagogy in the early meetings with the experience to construct new knowledge obtained, could then be used as a reinforcement model of Andragogy and development.
